The ΔWaveECG: The differences to the normal 12‑lead ECG amplitudes

Abstract

Background: The QRS, ST segment, and T-wave waveforms of electrocardiogram are difficult to interpret, especially for non-ECG experts readers, like general practitioners. As the ECG waveforms are influenced by many factors, like body build, age, sex, electrode placement, even for experience ECG readers the waveform is difficult to interpret. In this research we have created a novel method to distinguish normal from abnormal ECG waveforms for an individual ECG based on the ECG amplitude distribution derived from normal standard 12‑lead ECG recordings. Aim: Creation of a normal ECG amplitude distribution to enable the distinction by non-ECG experts of normal from abnormal waveforms of the standard 12‑lead ECG. Methods: The ECGs of healthy normal controls in the PTB-XL database were used to construct a normal amplitude distribution of the 12 lead ECG for males and females. All ECGs were resampled to have the same number of samples to enable the classification of an individual ECG as either normal or abnormal, i.e. within the normal amplitude distribution or outside, the ΔWaveECG. Results: From the same PTB-XL database six ECG's were selected, normal, left and right bundle branch block, and three with a myocardial infarction. The normal ECG was obviously within the normal distribution, and all other five showed clear abnormal ECG amplitudes outside the normal distribution in any of the ECG segments (QRS, ST segment and remaining STT segment). Conclusion: The ΔWaveECG can distinguish the abnormal from normal ECG waveform segments, making the ECG easier to classify as normal or abnormal. Conduction disorders and ST changes due to ischemia and abnormal T-waves are effortless to detect, also by non-ECG expert readers, thus improving the early detection of cardiac patients.