The impact of local staging of prostate cancer determined on MRI or DRE at time of radical prostatectomy on progression-free survival: A Will Rogers phenomenon

Abstract

Introduction: We aimed to test whether the current practice of using mpMRI stage might lead to a Will Rogers phenomenon with a stage migration compared to DRE in men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Material and methods: A total of 572 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy at a single institution (2007–2017) were included. Clinical stage using digital rectal examination was determined on table by the operating surgeon; mpMRI and pathological stage were recorded after tumor board review. Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as no rising PSA, no adjuvant/salvage treatment, and no metastases or mortality. PFS was compared between groups and a model incorporating mpMRI into the EAU risk groups was created. Results: Median age was 63 years (IQR 58.5–67) and median PSA was 8.9 ng/ml (IQR 6.5–13.2). Using DRE stage, 20% were NCCN low risk, 43% were intermediate, and 37% high. Median follow-up was 48 months (IQR 22–73). Estimated PFS at 1, 3, and 5 years was 75%, 59%, and 54%, respectively. When comparing PFS between DRE and mpMRI stages, patients deemed T1 (P < 0.01) or T3 (P = 0.03) by mpMRI showed better outcomes than patients staged T1 or T3 by DRE. On univariable analysis lower risk for failure was seen for MRI T1 disease (HR 0.10 95%, CI 0.01–0.73, P = 0.02) or MRI T3 (HR 0.70, CI 0.51–0.97, P = 0.03). On multivariable analysis, only MRI T1 remained a significant predictor (HR 0.08, 95% CI 0.01–0.59, P = 0.01). The subsequent, modified EAU risk model using both DRE and mpMRI performed significantly better than the DRE model. Conclusion: PFS based on mpMRI is not the same as DRE staging. Current risk groups which use DRE should be used with caution in whom local stage is based on mpMRI. Our modified EAU-risk categories can provide greater accuracy.