Depression in Stroke Survivors: Ten-Year Follow-Up. Determinants of the Natural Course of Depressive Symptoms in Stroke Survivors in the Netherlands: The SMART-Medea Study

Abstract

Objectives: Stroke is the second most common cause of death and a major cause of disability. Besides the physical consequences, depressive symptoms are frequent in the aftermath after stroke. Every year, approximately 15 million stroke survivors worldwide are at risk of developing post-stroke depression. In this study we describe the natural course of depressive symptoms in stroke patients over a long-period of time post stroke and identify associated determinants. Materials and methods: From the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease-Memory, depression and aging (SMART-Medea) study, an observational prospective cohort study, we selected patients with cerebrovascular disease, and used the biannually collected data of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depressive symptoms. A score of ≥10 indicated the presence of depressive symptoms. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify prognostic determinants for courses of depressive symptoms after stroke. Results: During a mean follow-up time of 7.9 years, 62% of the 172 participants was never depressed, 19% had a single episode and 19% had recurrent depressive symptoms. Physical function was associated with increased risk for single episode and recurrent depressive symptoms (OR=1.06 [1.01-1.11]). OR's for social, mental and (vascular) comorbidities variables were not significant. Participants’ physical function was only measured at baseline. Several relevant variables were not present in this dataset, including information about clinical events during follow-up. Conclusion: Nearly 40% of the participants are confronted with depressive symptoms on the long-term. Physical function plays a substantial part for stroke survivors in the development of these symptoms.