Left ventricular unloading and the role of ECpella

Abstract

The main reason for the emergency implantation of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is the restoration of adequate systemic perfusion, while protecting the failing heart and promoting myocardial recovery are equally important goals. Following initial haemodynamic stabilization and often the urgent revascularization of the culprit lesion, the clinical focus is then directed towards the most efficient strategy for cardioprotection. Frequent echocardiography measurements may help to estimate the degree of unwanted left ventricular (LV) overloading during VA-ECMO. Additionally, the estimation of high LV filling pressures by Doppler echocardiography or their (in-)direct measurement using a dedicated surgical left atrial pressure line and conventional pulmonary artery catheter in a wedge position or a pigtail catheter in the left ventricle can be performed. Mechanical overload of the left ventricle is the major adverse effect and an obvious mechanistic and prognostic challenge of contemporary ECMO care. Many efforts are under way to overcome this phenomenon by LV unloading, which was effectively achieved by the current combined approach using an axial decompression device, while novel technical developments and approaches are tested and urgently anticipated. The aim of this report is to introduce in depth pathophysiological background, current concepts, and future perspectives in LV unloading strategies.