Psychose als evolutionair adaptief mechanisme bij omgevingsverandering; pleidooi voor een functioneel verklaringsmodel

Abstract

BACKGROUND: From an evolutionary perspective it is remarkable that psychotic disorders, mostly occurring during fertile age and decreasing fecundity, maintain in the human population.<br/> AIM: To argue the hypothesis that psychotic symptoms may not be viewed as an illness but as an adaptation phenomenon.<br/> METHOD: Philosophical consideration and literature study.<br/> RESULTS: Until now, biomedical research has not unraveled the definitive etiology of psychotic disorders. Findings are inconsistent and show non-specific brain anomalies and genetic variation with small effect sizes. However, compelling evidence was found for a relation between psychosis and stressful environmental factors, particularly those influencing social interaction. Psychotic symptoms may be explained as a natural defense mechanism or protective response to stressful environments. This is in line with the fact that psychotic symptoms most often develop during adolescence. In this phase of life, it is important for an individual's development to leave the familiar and safe home environment, and to build new social networks. This could cause symptoms of 'hyperconsciousness' and calls on the capacity for social adaptation. This mechanism can become out of control due to different underlying brain vulnerabilities and external stressors, leading to social exclusion. CONCLUSIONS There is theoretical ground to consider psychotic symptoms as an evolutionary maintained phenomenon. Research investigating psychotic disorders may benefit from a focus on underlying general brain vulnerabilities or prevention of social exclusion, instead of regarding psychotic symptoms as abnormal phenomena.