A Ninhydrin-Type Urea Sorbent for the Development of a Wearable Artificial Kidney
Jong, Jacobus A W; Guo, Yong; Hazenbrink, Diënty; Douka, Stefania; Verdijk, Dennis; van der Zwan, Johan; Houben, Klaartje; Baldus, Marc; Scheiner, Karina C; Dalebout, Remco; Verhaar, Marianne C; Smakman, Robert; Hennink, Wim E; Gerritsen, Karin G F; van Nostrum, Cornelus F
(2020) Macromolecular Bioscience, volume 20, issue 3, pp.
(Article)
Abstract
The aim of this study is to develop polymeric chemisorbents with a high density of ninhydrin groups, able to covalently bind urea under physiological conditions and thus potentially suitable for use in a wearable artificial kidney. Macroporous beads are prepared by suspension polymerization of 5-vinyl-1-indanone (vinylindanone) using a 90:10 (v/v)
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mixture of toluene and nitrobenzene as a porogen. The indanone groups are subsequently oxidized in a one-step procedure into ninhydrin groups. Their urea absorption kinetics are evaluated under both static and dynamic conditions at 37 °C in simulated dialysate (urea in phosphate buffered saline). Under static conditions and at a 1:1 molar ratio of ninhydrin: urea the sorbent beads remove ≈0.6-0.7 mmol g-1 and under dynamic conditions and at a 2:1 molar excess of ninhydrin ≈0.6 mmol urea g-1 sorbent in 8 h at 37 °C, which is a step toward a wearable artificial kidney.
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Keywords: chemisorption, dialysis, ninhydrin, sorbent, urea, Bioengineering, Materials Chemistry, Polymers and Plastics, Biotechnology, Biomaterials, Journal Article
ISSN: 1616-5187
Publisher: Wiley-VCH Verlag
Note: Funding Information: J.A.W.J. and Y.G. contributed equally to this work. The authors would like to thank Carl C.L. Schuurmans for his help with the determination of the size of the beads and Lies A.L. Fliervoet for making Figure 3 and Dr. Eelco Ruijter (VU Amsterdam) for the valuable discussions. This research was supported by the Dutch organization for Scientific Research (NWO‐TTW, project 14433) and the Dutch Kidney Foundation. M.B. gratefully acknowledges NWO for funding the NMR infrastructure (Middle Groot program, grant number 700.58.102 and Groot program, grant number 175.010.2009.002). R.D. acknowledges the European Research Council (ERC) for funding (ERC‐2014‐CoG 648991). Funding Information: J.A.W.J. and Y.G. contributed equally to this work. The authors would like to thank Carl C.L. Schuurmans for his help with the determination of the size of the beads and Lies A.L. Fliervoet for making Figure 3 and Dr. Eelco Ruijter (VU Amsterdam) for the valuable discussions. This research was supported by the Dutch organization for Scientific Research (NWO-TTW, project 14433) and the Dutch Kidney Foundation. M.B. gratefully acknowledges NWO for funding the NMR infrastructure (Middle Groot program, grant number 700.58.102 and Groot program, grant number 175.010.2009.002). R.D. acknowledges the European Research Council (ERC) for funding (ERC-2014-CoG 648991). Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
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