Molecular basis determining species specificity for TLR2 inhibition by staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 3 (SSL3)

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile opportunistic pathogen, causing disease in human and animal species. Its pathogenicity is linked to the ability of S. aureus to secrete immunomodulatory molecules. These evasion proteins bind to host receptors or their ligands, resulting in inhibitory effects through high affinity protein-protein interactions. Staphylococcal evasion molecules are often species-specific due to differences in host target proteins between species. We recently solved the crystal structure of murine TLR2 in complex with immunomodulatory molecule staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 3 (SSL3), which revealed the essential residues within SSL3 for TLR2 inhibition. In this study we aimed to investigate the molecular basis of the interaction on the TLR2 side. The SSL3 binding region on murine TLR2 was compared to that of other species through sequence alignment and homology modeling, which identified interspecies differences. To examine whether this resulted in altered SSL3 activity on the corresponding TLR2s, bovine, equine, human, and murine TLR2 were stably expressed in HEK293T cells and the ability of SSL3 to inhibit TLR2 was assessed. We found that SSL3 was unable to inhibit bovine TLR2. Subsequent loss and gain of function mutagenesis showed that the lack of inhibition is explained by the absence of two tyrosine residues in bovine TLR2 that play a prominent role in the SSL3-TLR2 interface. We found no evidence for the existence of allelic SSL3 variants that have adapted to the bovine host. Thus, within this paper we reveal the molecular determinants of the TLR2-SSL3 interaction which adds to our understanding of staphylococcal host specificity.