How Open Can It Be? The Promise of Open Systems and Open Science Under Siege

Abstract

During the past decades, the internationalization of higher education has been spurred by increasing openness. Countries opened their territorial and administrative borders, consequently, higher-education systems gradually opened up, allowing growing mobility of students, researchers, scientific knowledge, data, and funding, thus creating optimal conditions for universities to enlarge their resource basis in terms of both human and financial capital, to compete, to collaborate, as well as to address global challenges and to contribute to the global common or public good.