Distributions of bacteriohopanepolyols in lakes and coastal lagoons of the Azores Archipelago

Abstract

Bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs) are a diverse class of lipids produced by bacteria across a wide range of environments. In this study, we aim to further identify BHPs related to ecological niches and/or specific bacteria by characterizing the distribution of BHPs in suspended particulate matter (SPM) of the water column and in sediments in a range of lakes and coastal lagoons from the Azores Archipelago, as well as in a co-culture enriched for methanotrophs. Sediment samples from Azorean lakes with low-oxygen conditions during the summer months (i.e., Azul, Verde, Funda, and Negra) contain relatively high abundances of BHPs that are typically associated with methane-oxidizing (methanotrophic) bacteria (i.e., aminotetrol, aminopentol, and methylcarbamate-aminopentol), as well as the ethenolamine-BHPs (i.e., ethenolamine-BHpentol and ethenolamine-BHhexol) and the N-formylated aminoBHPs. Both ethenolamine-BHPs and N-formylated aminoBHPs were also detected in a methanotroph–methylotroph co-culture that was enriched from a lake. In the SPM of all water columns, bacteriohopanetetrol (BHT), BHT cyclitol ether, and aminotriol are the dominant BHPs. In SPM from Lake Funda, nucleoside BHPs (i.e., Me-adenosylhopaneHG-diMe (where HG refers to head group), N1-methylinosylhopane, 2Me-N1-inosylhopane, and Me-N1-inosylhopane) are present in low abundance or absent under oxic conditions but increase in concentration near the chemocline, suggesting potential in situ production of these nucleoside BHPs rather than an allochthonous origin. In contrast, sediments from shallow, well-mixed lakes (i.e., Empadadas, São Jorge, and Lomba) contain higher abundances of adenosylhopane and N1-methylinosylhopane, which likely originate from bacteria living in nearby soils. Based on our current results we revised the existing Rsoil index, which was previously used to infer terrestrial inputs to aquatic environments, to exclude any potential nucleosides produced in the lake water column (Rsoil-lake). In the coastal lagoons, Cubres East and Cubres West, methoxylated BHTs were detected, and higher abundances of ethenolamine-BHT were observed. This study highlights the diversity of BHPs in lakes and coastal lagoons and their potential as taxonomic markers for bacteria associated with certain ecological niches, which can be preserved in sedimentary records.