Rapid hydration and weakening of anhydrite under stress: implications for natural hydration in the Earth's crust and mantle

Abstract

Mineral hydration is an important geological process that influences the rheology and geochemistry of rocks and the fluid budget of the Earth's crust and mantle. Constant-stress differential compaction (CSDC) tests, dry and "wet"tests under confining pressure, and axial-stress tests were conducted for the first time to investigate the influence of triaxial stress on hydration in anhydrite-gypsum aggregates. Characterization of the samples before and after triaxial experiments was performed with optical and scanning electron microscopy, including energy-dispersive spectroscopy and electron backscatter diffraction mapping. Stress-strain data reveal that samples that underwent constant-stress differential compaction in the presence of fluids are g1/4g14g% to g1/4g41g% weaker than samples deformed under wet conditions. The microstructural analysis shows that there is a strong temporal and spatial connection between the geometry, distribution, and evolution of fractures and hydration products. The increasing reaction surface area in combination with pre-existing gypsum in a gypsum-bearing anhydrite rock led to rapid gypsification. The crystallographic orientations of newly formed vein gypsum have a systematic preferred orientation for long distances along veins, beyond the grain boundaries of wall-rock anhydrite. Gypsum crystallographic orientations in {100} and {010} are systematically and preferentially aligned parallel to the direction of maximum shear stress (45g to σ1). Gypsum is also not always topotactically linked to the wall-rock anhydrite in the immediate vicinity. This study proposes that the selective inheritance of crystal orientations from favourably oriented wall-rock anhydrite grains for the minimization of free energy for nucleation under stress leads to the systematic preferred orientation of large, new gypsum grains. A sequence is suggested for hydration under stress that requires the development of fractures accompanied by localized hydration. Hydration along fractures with a range of apertures up to 120gμm occurred in under 6gh. Once formed, gypsum-filled veins represent weak surfaces and are the locations of further shear fracturing, brecciation, and eventual brittle failure. These findings imply that non-hydrostatic stress has a significant influence on hydration rates and subsequent mechanical strength of rocks. This phenomenon is applicable across a wide range of geological environments in the Earth's crust and upper mantle.