Adaptation and validation of the Chinese version of the Sleep Quality Questionnaire
Meng, Runtang; Kato, Tsukasa; Mastrotheodoros, Stefanos; Dong, Lu; Fong, Daniel Yee Tak; Wang, Fang; Cao, Menglu; Liu, Xinliang; Yao, Chenmin; Cao, Jinhong; Yu, Yong; Luo, Yi; Yu, Chuanhua; Gozal, David
(2023) Quality of Life Research, volume 32, issue 2, pp.
(Article)
Abstract
Study objectives Sleep quality is essential to health. The current study aimed to adapt and validate the Sleep Quality Questionnaire (SQQ) into Chinese language. Methods The Chinese version of the SQQ (SQQ-C) was created following the guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation. Compliant with the COSMIN methodology, baseline data (N = 13,325) examined three
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validity domains and internal consistency, including content validity using the content validity index (CVI) and the cognitive debriefing and focus group (relevance, comprehensiveness and comprehensibility), construct validity using structural validity and cross‑sectional measurement invariance, and criterion validity using concurrent/convergent validity. Follow-up data (N = 3410) gathered within a mean of 168 (167–207) h interval were used to additionally assess longitudinal measurement invariance and test–retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Scale-level CVI/Average was equal to 0.922; Item-level CVIs ranged from 0.889 to 1.000 (excellent), except for item 2 (0.556-fair). A panel of local experts and local participants during cognitive debriefing and focus group stated that it had sufficient relevance and comprehensibility but a slight deficiency in comprehensiveness. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a stable two-factor structure encompassing Daytime Sleepiness Subscale and Sleep Difficulty Subscale from baseline to follow-up data. The SQQ-C-9 (without item 2) outperformed the SQQ-C-10 (full form). The SQQ-C-9 provided evidence of measurement invariance (strict) across subgroups (cohorts, gender, and age) and across time. The SQQ-C was negatively correlated with the Chinese Nonrestorative Sleep Scale and the Chinese Sleep Condition Indicator. Cronbach's alpha (α), McDonald's Omega (ω), and ICC, respectively, ranged from 0.712 to 0.838, 0.723 to 0.840, and 0.738 to 0.764 for total scale and each subscale. Conclusion The SQQ-C exhibits adequate psychometric properties and a stable two-factor structure, and should enable valuable assessments of sleep quality in clinical and research settings.
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Keywords: COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments, Instrument validation, Psychometrics, Sleep Quality Questionnaire, Taverne, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
ISSN: 0962-9343
Publisher: Springer
Note: Funding Information: The authors wish to thank group of consultant experts on the CVI, including Lu Dong (Ph.D., Behavioral Scientist, RAND Corporation, USA), Daniel Yee Tak Fong (Ph.D., Associate Professor, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China), Yuantao Hao (Ph.D., Professor, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, China), Esther Yuet Ying Lau (Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, China), Jian Li (M.D., Ph.D., Senior Researcher, Faculty of Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Germany), Jingjing Li (M.D., Ph.D., PostDoc, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, USA), Zhen Wang (M.D., Ph.D., Chief Psychiatrist, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China), Qiong Wu (Ph.D., Associate Research Fellow, Institute of Social Science Survey, Peking University, China) and Yu-Tao Xiang (M.D., Ph.D., Professor, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, China). The authors appreciate comments and edits on earlier drafts from Assoc. Prof. Dr. Esther Yuet Ying Lau. The authors are grateful to Lidwine B. Mokkink (Ph.D., Senior Researcher, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands) for discussion on content validity and Chen Jiang (M.B.B.S., Master Candidate, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, China) for assistance in data visualization during the revision process. The authors are indebted to four anonymous reviewers and two editors who provided insightful comments and constructive suggestions to facilitate this manuscript. Lastly, Dr. Runtang Meng thanks a panel of independent experts, the partners, the participants and the research assistants who made this study possible. Funding Information: This study was supported by the Research Initiation Fund of Hangzhou Normal University (Grant No. RWSK20201003). This study was supported by a grant from an independent self-funded project to Runtang Meng during the doctorate at Wuhan University. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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