Urinary Amino-PAHs in relation to diesel engine emissions and urinary mutagenicity
Zhang, Junfeng Jim; Zheng, Yuxin; Vermeulen, Roel; Liu, Xing Lucy; Dai, Yufei; Hu, Wei; He, Linchen; Lin, Yan; Ren, Dianzhi; Duan, Huawei; Niu, Yong; Xu, Jun; Fu, Wei; Meliefste, Kees; Zhou, Baosen; Yang, Jufang; Ye, Meng; Jia, Xiaowei; Meng, Tao; Bin, Ping; Bassig, Bryan A; Hosgood, H Dean; Silverman, Debra; Lan, Qing; Rothman, Nathaniel
(2023) International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, volume 253
(Article)
Abstract
Diesel exhaust has long been of health concern due to established toxicity including carcinogenicity in humans. However, the precise components of diesel engine emissions that drive carcinogenesis are still unclear. Limited work has suggested that nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) such as 1-nitropyrene and 2-nitrofluorene may be more abundant in
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diesel exhaust. The present study aimed to examine whether urinary amino metabolites of these NPAHs were associated with high levels of diesel engine emissions and urinary mutagenicity in a group of highly exposed workers including both smokers and nonsmokers. Spot urine samples were collected immediately following a standard work shift from each of the 54 diesel engine testers and 55 non-tester controls for the analysis of five amino metabolites of NPAHs, and cotinine (a biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. An overnight urine sample was collected in a subgroup of non-smoking participants for mutagenicity analysis using strain YG1041 in the Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity assay. Personal exposure to fine particles (PM 2.5) and more-diesel-specific constituents (elemental carbon and soot) was assessed for the engine testers by measuring breathing-zone concentrations repeatedly over several full work shifts. Results showed that it was 12.8 times more likely to detect 1-aminopyrene and 2.9 times more likely to detect 2-aminofluorene in the engine testers than in unexposed controls. Urinary concentrations of 1-aminopyrene were significantly higher in engine testers (p < 0.001), and strongly correlated with soot and elemental carbon exposure as well as mutagenicity tested in strain YG1041 with metabolic activation (p < 0.001). Smoking did not affect 1-aminopyrene concentrations and 1-aminopyrene relationships with diesel exposure. In contrast, both engine emissions and smoking affected 2-aminofluorene concentrations. The results confirm that urinary 1-aminopyrene may serve as an exposure biomarker for diesel engine emissions and associated mutagenicity.
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Keywords: Diesel exhaust, Biomonitoring, Inhalation exposure, Nitro-PAHs, Cigarette smoking, Amino-PAHs
ISSN: 1438-4639
Publisher: Urban und Fischer Verlag Jena
Note: Funding Information: Funding was supported by intramural funds from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Institutes of Health . Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the funding agency. Further, NCI does not endorse the purchase of any commercial products or services mentioned in the publication. We wish to thank Dr. Jinpu Jia and Ms. Peijia Yan for their assistance in analyzing urinary amino-PAHs. Publisher Copyright: © 2023
(Peer reviewed)