Isoprenoidal GDGTs and GDDs associated with anoxic lacustrine environments
Mitrović, Danica; Hopmans, Ellen C.; Bale, Nicole J.; Richter, Nora; Amaral-Zettler, Linda A.; Baxter, Allix J.; Peterse, Francien; Raposeiro, Pedro Miguel; Gonçalves, Vítor; Costa, Ana Cristina; Schouten, Stefan
(2023) Organic Geochemistry, volume 178
(Article)
Abstract
We examined membrane-spanning archaeal lipids using ultra high pressure liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) in a suite of sediment samples from both cored sequences (Messel oil shale and Lake Chala) and surface sediments (Azorean lakes) encompassing ancient and modern (Eocene to Present) lacustrine environments. Additionally we compared the lacustrine
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data to those of marine (Mediterranean cored sequences, Arabian Sea surface sediments and Monterey outcrop sediments) and hypersaline sediments (Vena del Gesso marls) as well as marine suspended particulate matter (SPM) from the Black Sea. Regular isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) and glycerol dialkyl diethers (GDDs) were the most abundant membrane-spanning lipids in all investigated settings (>90 % and 84 % respectively). Interestingly, GDGTs with a cyclohexyl ring (S-GDGTs) were also present in almost all investigated lake sediments, in relative abundances of ca. 2–7 % and, for the first time, also their S-GDD counterparts were detected (2–10 %). The producers of S-GDGTs are still unknown, however our results show that it is likely that bottom water anoxia (both seasonally induced or permanent) is the driving factor for the production of these lipids, whereas previous studies suggested euxinia was required for production. Unsaturated GDGTs (uns-GDGTs, ca. 2 %) were only detected in Lake Chala sediments and surface sediments from Azorean lakes, but without accompanying uns-GDDs. GMGTs, glycerol monoalkyl glycerol tetraethers, were present in Messel oil shale and marine samples, while GMDs were only found in Messel oil shale.
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Keywords: S-GDGTs, S-GDDs, Lacustrine anoxia, Sediments, UHPLC-HRMS, Messel oil shale, Azorean lakes, Lake Chala
ISSN: 0146-6380
Publisher: Elsevier Limited
Note: Funding Information: Sample collection of surface sediments from the Azorean Lakes was funded under Luso-American Development Foundation grant (FLAD) to L. A. Zettler and by the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT) (DL57/2016/ICETA/EEC2018/25) and the DISCOVERAZORES (PTDC/CTA-AMB/28511/2017) to P. M. V. R. Raposeiro. We are thankful to E. R. Zettler for his help in the Azorean sampling campaign. Sample collection and analysis of the Chala sediment core was co-financed by NESSC Gravitation Grant 024.002.001 from the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW) to J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, and by Ghent University Collaborative Research Operation grant BOF13/GOA/023 and Hercules infrastructure grant AUGE/15/14-G0H2916N from the Research Foundation of Flanders to D. Verschuren. We thank A. Mets from NIOZ for her work on extracting surface sediments from the Arabian Sea and core sediments from the Mediterranean. We are grateful to J. Riekenberg, D. Dorhout, M. Verweij and R. van Bommel at the Royal NIOZ for technical and analytical support. We furthermore thank D. Verschuren for his constructive feedback that helped improve the manuscript. Furthermore, the authors thank the editors and the reviewers for their helpful comments and feedback. Funding Information: This work was carried out under the program of the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (NESSC), financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW). Sample collection of surface sediments from the Azorean Lakes was funded under Luso-American Development Foundation grant (FLAD) to L. A. Zettler and by the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT) (DL57/2016/ICETA/EEC2018/25) and the DISCOVERAZORES (PTDC/CTA-AMB/28511/2017) to P. M. V. R. Raposeiro. We are thankful to E. R. Zettler for his help in the Azorean sampling campaign. Sample collection and analysis of the Chala sediment core was co-financed by NESSC Gravitation Grant 024.002.001 from the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW) to J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, and by Ghent University Collaborative Research Operation grant BOF13/GOA/023 and Hercules infrastructure grant AUGE/15/14-G0H2916N from the Research Foundation of Flanders to D. Verschuren. We thank A. Mets from NIOZ for her work on extracting surface sediments from the Arabian Sea and core sediments from the Mediterranean. We are grateful to J. Riekenberg, D. Dorhout, M. Verweij and R. van Bommel at the Royal NIOZ for technical and analytical support. We furthermore thank D. Verschuren for his constructive feedback that helped improve the manuscript. Furthermore, the authors thank the editors and the reviewers for their helpful comments and feedback. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s)
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