The Andes through time: evolution and distribution of Andean floras
Pérez-Escobar, Oscar Alejandro; Zizka, Alexander; Bermúdez, Mauricio A.; Meseguer, Andrea S.; Condamine, Fabien L.; Hoorn, Carina; Hooghiemstra, Henry; Pu, Yuanshu; Bogarín, Diego; Boschman, Lydian M.; Pennington, R. Toby; Antonelli, Alexandre; Chomicki, Guillaume
(2022) Trends in Plant Science, volume 27, issue 4, pp. 364 - 378
(Article)
Abstract
The Andes are the world's most biodiverse mountain chain, encompassing a complex array of ecosystems from tropical rainforests to alpine habitats. We provide a synthesis of Andean vascular plant diversity by estimating a list of all species with publicly available records, which we integrate with a phylogenetic dataset of 14
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501 Neotropical plant species in 194 clades. We find that (i) the Andean flora comprises at least 28 691 georeferenced species documented to date, (ii) Northern Andean mid-elevation cloud forests are the most species-rich Andean ecosystems, (iii) the Andes are a key source and sink of Neotropical plant diversity, and (iv) the Andes, Amazonia, and other Neotropical biomes have had a considerable amount of biotic interchange through time.
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Keywords: Andes, biogeography, geology, plant diversity, vascular plants, Bolivian altiplano, Late miocene rise, Eastern cordillera, Continental-scale, Surface uplift, Plant diversification, Northern andes, Adaptive radiation, Climate-change, Rapid diversification, Plant Science
ISSN: 1360-1385
Publisher: Elsevier Limited
Note: Funding Information: We thank Víctor Alberto Ramos for permission to reuse the map in Figure 1A, Mario Coiro for help with plant fossil records curation, and Colin Hughes, two anonymous reviewers, and the editor Susanne Brink for comments that helped to improve the manuscript. Eve J. Lucas and Gwilym P. Lewis are thanked for providing useful insights into the taxonomy of the Andean plant list. O.A.P-E is funded by a Sainsbury Orchid Fellowship at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and the Swiss Orchid Foundation. A.Z. acknowledges funding by iDiv via the German Research Foundation (FZT-118, DGF), specifically through sDiv, the Synthesis Centre of iDiv. F.L.C. is supported by an Investissements d'Avenir grant managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR; Center for the Study of Biodiversity in Amazonia (CEBA) grant ANR-10-LABX-25-01] and by the ANR GAARAnti project (ANR-17-CE31-0009). M.A.B. thanks the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC) for support via Dirección de Investigaciones (DIN) SGI Project 3104. Y.P. was funded by an Erasmus+ scholarship from the European Commission. A.A. is funded by the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. G.C. is funded by a UK Natural Environment Research Council Independent Research Fellowship (NE/S014470/1). No interests are declared. Funding Information: We thank Víctor Alberto Ramos for permission to reuse the map in Figure 1 A, Mario Coiro for help with plant fossil records curation, and Colin Hughes, two anonymous reviewers, and the editor Susanne Brink for comments that helped to improve the manuscript. Eve J. Lucas and Gwilym P. Lewis are thanked for providing useful insights into the taxonomy of the Andean plant list. O.A.P-E is funded by a Sainsbury Orchid Fellowship at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and the Swiss Orchid Foundation. A.Z. acknowledges funding by iDiv via the German Research Foundation ( FZT-118 , DGF), specifically through sDiv, the Synthesis Centre of iDiv . F.L.C. is supported by an Investissements d'Avenir grant managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR; Center for the Study of Biodiversity in Amazonia (CEBA) grant ANR-10-LABX-25-01 ] and by the ANR GAARAnti project ( ANR-17-CE31-0009 ). M.A.B. thanks the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC) for support via Dirección de Investigaciones (DIN) SGI Project 3104 . Y.P. was funded by an Erasmus+ scholarship from the European Commission . A.A. is funded by the Swedish Research Council , the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research , and the Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew. G.C. is funded by a UK Natural Environment Research Council Independent Research Fellowship ( NE/S014470/1 ). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors
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