A world-wide analysis of reduced sensitivity to DMI fungicides in the banana pathogen Pseudocercospora fijiensis
Chong, Pablo; Essoh, Josué Ngando; Arango Isaza, Rafael E.; Keizer, Paul; Stergiopoulos, Ioannis; Seidl, Michael F.; Guzman, Mauricio; Sandoval, Jorge; Verweij, Paul E.; Scalliet, Gabriel; Sierotzski, Helge; de Lapeyre de Bellaire, Luc; Crous, Pedro W.; Carlier, Jean; Cros, Sandrine; Meijer, Harold J.G.; Peralta, Esther Lilia; Kema, Gert H.J.
(2021) Pest Management Science, volume 77, issue 7, pp. 3273 - 3288
(Article)
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pseudocercospora fijiensis is the causal agent of the black leaf streak disease (BLSD) of banana. Bananas are important global export commodities and a major staple food. Their susceptibility to BLSD pushes disease management towards excessive fungicide use, largely relying on multisite inhibitors and sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). These fungicides
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are ubiquitous in plant disease control, targeting the CYP51 enzyme. We examined sensitivity to DMIs in P. fijiensis field isolates collected from various major banana production zones in Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, the Philippines, Guadalupe, Martinique and Cameroon and determined the underlying genetic reasons for the observed phenotypes. RESULTS: We observed a continuous range of sensitivity towards the DMI fungicides difenoconazole, epoxiconazole and propiconazole with clear cross-sensitivity. Sequence analyses of PfCYP51 in 266 isolates showed 28 independent amino acid substitutions, nine of which correlated with reduced sensitivity to DMIs. In addition to the mutations, we observed up to six insertions in the Pfcyp51 promoter. Such promoter insertions contain repeated elements with a palindromic core and correlate with the enhanced expression of Pfcyp51 and hence with reduced DMI sensitivity. Wild-type isolates from unsprayed bananas fields did not contain any promoter insertions. CONCLUSION: The presented data significantly contribute to understanding of the evolution and global distribution of DMI resistance mechanisms in P. fijiensis field populations and facilitate the prediction of different DMI efficacy. The overall reduced DMI sensitivity calls for the deployment of a wider range of solutions for sustainable control of this major banana disease.
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Keywords: azoles, bananas, black Sigatoka, cyp51, fungicide resistant, mutations, Mycosphaerella fijiensis, palindrome, promoter insertions, Pseudocercospora fijiensis, Agronomy and Crop Science, Insect Science
ISSN: 1526-498X
Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Note: Funding Information: This work was supported in part by the Ecuadorian government through the Secretar?a de Educaci?n Superior, Ciencia, Tecnolog?a e Innovaci?n (SENESCYT), Ecuadorian University, Escuela Superior Polit?cnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnol?gicas del Ecuador (CIBE) and Syngenta AG. PC is a graduate student in the Wageningen University and Research (WUR) banana program, RA was supported by the Universidad National de Colombia, sede Medell?n. GHJK and HJGM are supported by the Dutch Dioraphte Foundation. We gratefully acknowledge Mar?a Isabel Jim?nez, Mar?a Jama and Rufino Meza for their help in collecting and providing the Ecuadorian samples, and to Vicente Rey from AUGURA-Cenibanano for his help in collecting Colombian Isolates. Finally, we thank Caucasella D?az, Tatiana Chavez, Carla Mat? Goldar and Aikaterini Vichou for their contribution to the laboratory work, and Pieter Vereijken for his support in data analyses. Banana research at WUR is financially supported by the Dutch Dioraphte Foundation. Funding Information: This work was supported in part by the Ecuadorian government through the Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENESCYT), Ecuadorian University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE) and Syngenta AG. PC is a graduate student in the Wageningen University and Research (WUR) banana program, RA was supported by the Universidad National de Colombia, sede Medellín. GHJK and HJGM are supported by the Dutch Dioraphte Foundation. We gratefully acknowledge María Isabel Jiménez, María Jama and Rufino Meza for their help in collecting and providing the Ecuadorian samples, and to Vicente Rey from AUGURA‐Cenibanano for his help in collecting Colombian Isolates. Finally, we thank Caucasella Díaz, Tatiana Chavez, Carla Maté Goldar and Aikaterini Vichou for their contribution to the laboratory work, and Pieter Vereijken for his support in data analyses. Banana research at WUR is financially supported by the Dutch Dioraphte Foundation. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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