Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: Comparison of exposimeters with a novel body-worn distributed meter
Huss, Anke; Dongus, Stefan; Aminzadeh, Reza; Thielens, Arno; van den Bossche, Matthias; Van Torre, Patrick; de Seze, René; Cardis, Elisabeth; Eeftens, Marloes; Joseph, Wout; Vermeulen, Roel; Röösli, Martin
(2021) Environment international, volume 156, pp. 1 - 7
(Article)
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) is often measured with personal exposimeters, but the accuracy of measurements can be hampered as carrying the devices on-body may result in body shielding. Further, the compact design may compromise the frequency selectivity of the sensor. The aim of this study was to
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compare measurements obtained using a multi-band body-worn distributed-exposimeter (BWDM) with two commercially available personal exposimeters (ExpoM-RF and EmeSpy 200) under real-life conditions. METHODS: The BWDM measured power density in 10 frequency bands (800, 900, 1800, 2100, 2600 MHz, DECT 1900 MHz, WiFi 2.4 GHz; with separate uplink/downlink bands for 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz); using 20 separate antennas integrated in a vest and placed on diametrically opposite locations on the body, to minimize body-shielding. RF-EMF exposure data were collected from several microenvironments (e.g. shopping areas, train stations, outdoor rural/ urban residential environments, etc.) by walking around pre-defined areas/routes in Belgium, Spain, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Measurements were taken every 1-4 s with the BWDM in parallel with an ExpoM-RF and an EmeSpy 200 exposimeter. We calculated medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs) and compared difference, ratios and correlations of geometric mean RF-EMF exposure levels per microenvironment as measured with the exposimeters and the BWDM. RESULTS: Across 267 microenvironments, medians and IQR of total BWDM measured RF-EMF exposure was 0.13 (0.05-0.33) mW/m2. Difference: IQR of exposimeters minus BWDM exposure levels was -0.011 (-0.049 to 0.0095) mW/m2 for the ExpoM-RF and -0.056 (-0.14 to -0.017) for the EmeSpy 200; ratios (exposimeter/BWDM) of total exposure had an IQR of 0.79 (0.55-1.1) for the ExpoM-RF and 0.29 (0.22-0.38) for the EmeSpy 200. Spearman correlations were 0.93 for the ExpoM-RF vs the BWDM and 0.96 for the EmeSpy 200 vs the BWDM. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that exposimeters worn on-body provide somewhat lower total RF-EMF exposure as compared to measurements conducted with the BWDM, in line with effects from body shielding. Ranking of exposure levels of microenvironments showed high correspondence between the different device types. Our results are informative for the interpretation of existing epidemiological research results.
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Keywords: Body-Worn Distributed Meter, Comparison exposimeters, EME SPY, ExpoM-RF, Measurements, Microenvironments, RF-EMF, General Environmental Science
ISSN: 0160-4120
Publisher: Elsevier Limited
Note: Funding Information: Grant Sponsors: This research was funded by the National Research Program of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), grant No 2015-2-RF-07, and the equipment was supported by funding from the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement number FP7 603794 (GERoNiMO). Our funders had no involvement in the study design; data collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication. Funding Information: ISGlobal also acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the “Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019-2023” Program (CEX2018-000806-S), support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program and support from the Secretariat of Universities and Research of the Department of Business and Knowledge of the Generalitat of Catalonia through AGAUR (the Catalan Agency for Management of University and Research Grants) (Project 2017 SGR 1487). Funding Information: Grant Sponsors: This research was funded by the National Research Program of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), grant No 2015-2-RF-07, and the equipment was supported by funding from the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement number FP7 603794 (GERoNiMO). Our funders had no involvement in the study design; data collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication. A.T. is a postdoctoral fellow of the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) under grant agreement no. 12U1417N. ISGlobal also acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the ?Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019-2023? Program (CEX2018-000806-S), support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program and support from the Secretariat of Universities and Research of the Department of Business and Knowledge of the Generalitat of Catalonia through AGAUR (the Catalan Agency for Management of University and Research Grants) (Project 2017 SGR 1487). We'd like to thank the research assistants for collecting the data. We'd also like to thank the police departments in the measurement cities for advice and support of this study. Funding Information: A.T. is a postdoctoral fellow of the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) under grant agreement no. 12U1417N. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)
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