Adolescent meningococcal serogroup A, W and Y immune responses following immunization with quadrivalent meningococcal A, C, W and Y conjugate vaccine: Optimal age for vaccination

Abstract

Background Recently the incidence of meningococcal serogroup Y (MenY) and in particular serogroup W (MenW) invasive disease has risen in several European countries, including the Netherlands. Adolescents are a target group for primary prevention through vaccination to protect against disease and reduce carriage and induce herd protection in the population. The present study assessed MenA, MenW and MenY antibody levels in adolescents up to one year following primary vaccination with quadrivalent MenACWY-PS conjugated to tetanus toxoid (MenACWY-TT). Methods In this phase IV, open-label study, healthy 10-, 12- and 15-year-olds received the MenACWY-TT vaccine. Blood samples were collected before, 1 month and 1 year after the vaccination. Functional antibody levels against MenA, MenW and MenY were measured with serum bactericidal assay using baby rabbit complement (rSBA). MenA-, MenW-, and MenY-PS specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 levels were measured using fluorescent-bead-based multiplex immunoassay. Results The quadrivalent MenACWY-TT vaccine elicited robust antibody responses against MenA, MenW and MenY, and the majority (94%) of the participants maintained rSBA titers ≥128 one year after the vaccination against all three serogroups. After one year, higher MenW rSBA GMTs were observed in the 12- and 15-year-olds compared to the 10-year-olds, while rSBA GMTs against MenA and MenY were similar between age groups. Furthermore, those participant who showed SBA titer ≥8 at baseline, also had higher antibody levels one year after vaccination as compared to participants with rSBA titer <8 at baseline. Conclusion The MenACWY-TT vaccine induces robust protective primary immune responses up to one year after vaccination. Our results suggest that persistence of individual protection increases with the age at which a primary quadrivalent MenACWY-TT vaccination is administered. Our results indicate that 12 or 15 years seems a more optimal age for a primary quadrivalent MenACWY-TT vaccination to protect against the rapid increase of MenW disease.