Invasive pneumococcal disease: Clinical outcomes and patient characteristics 2-6 years after introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine compared to the pre-vaccine period, the Netherlands

Abstract

Background Implementation of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in the Dutch national immunization program for infants led to a shift from vaccine to non-vaccine serotypes in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in all age groups. We studied the impact of the serotype shift on clinical syndromes and outcomes. Methods Pneumococcal isolates from hospitalized IPD patients obtained from nine sentinel microbiology laboratories, covering 25% of the Dutch population, were serotyped. Clinical syndromes, outcomes and patient characteristics in the post-PCV7 (2008–2012) period were compared with the pre-PCV7 period (2004–2006). Serotype specific propensity of the association with empyema, meningitis and death was calculated. Results Invasive pneumonia incidence significantly decreased in children <5 years and elderly ≥65 years, but increased in 5–64 years old from 4.92 to 5.58 cases/100.000/year (RR 1.13 95% CI 0.99–1.29). Empyema incidence significantly increased in elderly 65 years and older from 0.61 to 2.60 cases/100.000/year (RR 4.28 95% CI 1.97–9.33), mainly due to serotype 1. The incidence of meningitis only declined significantly in children <5 years. IPD case-fatality decreased in children <5 years from 5% to 3%, in 5–64 years old from 9% to 7% and in elderly ≥65 years significantly from 22% to 17%, due to lower case-fatality rates for most emerging non-PCV7 serotypes. Conclusions An increase in empyema incidence was observed in persons ≥65 years old in the post-PCV7 era, mainly due to the emergence of serotype 1, although overall IPD case-fatality decreased. Extended conjugate vaccines that target serotype 1 or serotypes with high case-fatality may offer further reduction of pneumococcal disease burden.