Developments in coupled solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis 2011-2013

Abstract

This article presents an overview of the design and application of coupled SPE-CE systems that have been reported in the literature between January 2011 and June 2013. The present paper is an update of three previous review papers covering the years 2000-2011 (Electrophoresis 2008, 29, 108-128; Electrophoresis 2010, 31, 44-54; Electrophoresis 2012, 33, 243-250). The use of in-line and on-line SPE-CE approaches is described in this review. Emerging technological developments, such as the use of in-line frit-free SPE and chip-based SPE for extraction of sample components prior to CE analysis, are outlined. Selected examples illustrate the applicability of SPE-CE in biomedical, pharmaceutical, and environmental analysis. A complete overview of recent SPE-CE studies is given in table format, providing information on sample type, SPE sorbent, coupling mode, detection mode, and LOD. Finally, some general conclusions and future perspectives are provided.