Abstract
Pulmonary right-to-left shunting can be encountered using transthoracic contrast echocardiography (TTCE) with agitated saline. Diseases associated with prevalence of pulmonary shunting on saline TTCE include hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), hepatopulmonary syndrome and some congenital heart defects after partial or complete cavopulmonary anastomosis. Furthermore, small pulmonary shunts on saline TTCE are
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