Vortex-lattice melting in a one-dimensional optical lattice

Abstract

We investigate quantum fluctuations of a vortex lattice in a one-dimensional optical lattice for realistic numbers of particles and vortices. Our method gives full access to all the modes of the vortex lattice and we discuss in particular the Bloch bands of the Tkachenko modes. Because of the small number of particles in the pancake Bose-Einstein condensates at every site of the optical lattice, finite-size effects become very important. Therefore, the fluctuations in the vortex positions are inhomogeneous and the melting of the lattice occurs from the outside inwards. By looking into correlations between neighboring vortices, we identify new solid and liquid phases. Tunneling between neighboring pancakes substantially reduces the inhomogeneity as well as the size of the fluctuations.