Abstract
While a plethora of extracellular molecules exist that modulate
cellular functions via binding to membrane receptors inside the
cell, their actions are mediated by relatively few signalling
mechanisms. One of these is activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-
kinase (PI-3K), which results in the generation of a membrane-
restricted second messenger, polyphosphatidylinositides contain-
ing a 3`-phosphate. How these
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