Abstract
This study examines vigilance as a behavioural
indicator of the importance of infanticide risk by com-
paring the infanticide avoidance hypothesis with the
predation avoidance and mate defence hypotheses for
wild Thomas's langurs (Presbytis thomasi) in Sumatra.
We found that all individuals were more vigilant in sit-
uations of high predation risk, i.e. lower in the
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